Courses

Human Biology

Year 11 and 12 ATAR Pathway|Science

Human Biology

Ian Simpson
Curriculum Leader – Science

Human Biology

Tilly Spadaccini

In the Human Biology ATAR course, students learn about themselves, relating structure to function and how integrated regulation allows individuals to survive in a changing environment. They research new discoveries that are increasing our understanding of the causes of dysfunction, which can lead to new treatments and preventative measures. Reproduction is studied to understand the sources of variation that make each of us unique individuals. Through a combination of classical genetics, and advances in molecular genetics, dynamic new biotechnological processes have resulted. Population genetics is studied to highlight the longer-term changes leading to natural selection and evolution of our species.

An understanding of human biology is valuable for a variety of career paths. The course content deals directly and indirectly with many different occupations in fields, such as science education, medical and paramedical fields, food and hospitality, childcare, sport and social work. Appreciation of the range and scope of such professions broadens their horizons and enables them to make informed choices. This helps to prepare all students, regardless of their background or career aspirations, to take their place as responsible citizens in society.

Courses

Year 11 ATAR Course

Unit 1 - Functioning Humans

This unit looks at: how human structure and function supports cellular metabolism (for example, respiration and mitosis; respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems); how genetic variations in offspring can be predicted (Mendelian genetics and meiosis); and how lifestyle choices impact body functioning (diet, use of drugs, and active or sedentary lifestyle). Students investigate personal questions about problems associated with factors affecting metabolism or genetic variations. They trial different methods of collecting data, use simple calculations to analyse data and become aware of the implications of bias and experimental error in the interpretation of results. They are encouraged to use ICT to interpret and communicate their findings in a variety of ways.

Unit 2 - Human Survival

This unit provides opportunities to explore in more depth: the mechanisms of transmission of genetic materials to the next generation (for example, the role of DNA and its replication, pedigrees); the role of males and females in reproduction (in particular hormonal control); and how interactions between genetics and the environment influence early development (teratogens, reproductive technologies). Students investigate an aspect of a given problem and trial techniques to collect a variety of quantitative and qualitative data. They apply simple mathematical manipulations to quantitative data, present it appropriately and discuss sources and implications of experimental error. They also consider limitations of their procedures and explore the ramifications of their results that support or disprove their hypothesis. They are encouraged to use ICT in their analysis and interpretation of their data and presentation of their findings.

Assessments
  • Science Inquiry
    20%

    Investigations

  • Extended Response
    15%

    Research and evaluation of information in scientific journals

  • Tests
    25%
  • Examination
    40%

Year 12 ATAR Course

Unit 3 - Homeostasis and Disease

This unit explores the nervous and endocrine systems and the mechanisms that help maintain the systems of the body to function within normal range, and the body’s immune responses to invading pathogens.

The complex interactions between body systems in response to changes in the internal and external environments facilitate the maintenance of optimal conditions for the functioning of cells. Feedback systems involving the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and behavioural mechanisms maintain the internal environment for body temperature, body fluid composition, blood sugar, and gas concentrations within tolerance limits. The structure and function of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, target organs and modes of action, can demonstrate the many interactions that enable the maintenance of optimal cellular conditions. The structure and function of the autonomic nervous system, and its relationship with other parts of the nervous system, can be linked to the roles each play in maintaining homeostasis of internal environmental conditions. Comparing and contrasting the endocrine and nervous systems can highlight the roles of each in homeostasis. Humans can intervene to treat homeostatic dysfunction and influence the quality of life for individuals and families.

Different body systems have mechanisms, including physical and chemical barriers, that protect the body against invasion by pathogens. The non‐specific actions of the body can be aided by the use of antibiotics and antiviral drugs to counter the invasion or reduce the effect of the pathogen. Specific resistance mechanisms involve the recognition of invading pathogens and produce long‐lasting immunity. Vaccinations can result in immunity to infection by exposure to attenuated versions of the pathogens.

Unit 4 - Human Variation and Evolution

This unit explores the variations in humans, their changing environment and evolutionary trends in homonids. Humans can show multiple variations in characteristics due to the effect of polygenes or gene expression. The changing environment can influence the survival of genetic variation through the survival of individuals with favourable traits. Gene pools are affected by evolutionary mechanisms, including natural selection, migration and chance occurrences. Population gene pools vary due to interaction of reproductive and genetic processes and the environment. Over time, this leads to evolutionary changes.

Gene flow between populations can be stopped or reduced by barriers. Separated gene pools can undergo changes in allele frequency, due to natural selection and chance occurrences, resulting in speciation and evolution. Evidence for these changes comes from fossils and comparative anatomy and biochemical studies.

A number of trends appear in the evolution of hominids and these may be traced using phylogenetic trees. The selection pressures on humans have changed due to the control humans have over the environment and survival.

Assessments
  • Science Inquiry
    10%

    Investigations

  • Extended Response
    15%

    Research and evaluation of information in scientific journals

  • Tests
    25%
  • Examination
    50%